Essay on breastfeed or bottle-feed - 1116 Words

Is the mom going to breastfeed or bottle-feed? I must tell you that breast milk is usually best for your baby. -Each mother’s breast milk is made especially for their own newborn. It contains all the Vit., Min. amp; iron that your baby needs( where as bottle milk has as little as 5-10% of all vit., min., amp; iron that are used by your baby.) Breast milk also continues to chg. as your baby grows to meet the changing needs of your infant, no formula is capable of such a chg. Breast milk contains protecting agents to help insure your baby’s health, these agents (WBC’s and immunoglobins) help fight DZ and INF. Advantages of Breastfeeding (Disadvantages to bottle feeding): 1)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;promotes bonding between mom and†¦show more content†¦This is just a few advantages of breastfeeding Disadvantages of Breastfeeding (Advantages of Bottle feeding): 1)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some mom’s feel tied down by the constant demands of a nursing newborn. Breastfeeding requires a substantial commitment by mom (many moms have to go right back work or separate from their babies from time to time for other reasons) In these cases a breast pump can be rented or purchased to collect breast milk so others (dad) may help feed the baby. Some moms choose to breastfeed most of the time and use bottle feeding other times. When bottle feeding, mom’s can resume a â€Å"normal† life sooner. You can dress as you please (nursing moms need to wear clothes to accommodate a nursing baby) When bottle feeding there are no restrictions to birth control methods, you don’t have to watch you diet as closely, and you can have a few drinks and take aspirin without worrying 2)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With breastfeeding, dads cannot participate until the 2nd to 4th week when breast milk has been established. Then dad may help out by giving the baby pumped breast milk. When bottle feeding anyone can feed the baby 3)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sometimes women may feel embarrassed or concerned about breastfeeding 4)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Breastfed babies need to be fed more often then bottle fed babies (once again, a commitment by mom)Show MoreRelatedGuidelines Of Guidelines Regarding Milk Banks Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesof providing a time and place to express milk. There is information available from La Leche League that can be given to the employer. There are supporting programs also, like (WIC) Woman Infant and child program is for both breast feeding moms and bottle feeding moms. According to WIC is a federal program designed to provide food to low-income pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, infants and children until the age of five. The program provides a combination of nutrition education, supplementalRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Breastfeeding And Bottle Parenting1723 Words   |  7 Pagesleaving the option to breastfeed almost taboo in nature. According to her article, â€Å"Breast is Best? Reasons Why Mothers Decide to Breastfeed or Bottlefeed Their Babies and Factors Influencing the Duration of Breastfeeding,† Seaneen Sloan, a lecturer at University College Dublin, et al. write â€Å"more educated mothers have been shown to breastfeed for longer† and â€Å"younger mothers are less likely to intend to breastfeed†(285). I have personally experienced both breastfeeding and bottle-f eeding my childrenRead MoreBreastfeeding Is Best For Healthy Development872 Words   |  4 Pagesif she wants to breastfeed or not. Yes it is better to breastfeed and also it’s healthy for the child, and the mother. The issue today, Is Breastfeeding Inevitably Best for Healthy Development? I agree with Julie E. Artis, that the broad promotion of breastfeeding has the potential to unfairly stigmatize women who do not breastfeed while overstating the benefit. Reasons why I agree with Julie E. Artis because mothers should not be stigmatize, because they chose to not to breastfeed. I feel as thoughRead MoreBreastfeeding VS Formula Bottle-feeding Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesBreastfeeding vs. Formula Bottle-feeding Every mother of a newborn baby must make a very personal decision when it comes to how they are going to feed their infant. I was faced with that decision 3 years ago when I had my first son who I named Ethen. It was one of the very hardest decisions I had to make. I had to consider all the good benefits of breast feeding as well as the benefits of formula bottle-feeding, but the good benefits of breastfeeding outnumbered the bottle feeding ones. I finallyRead MoreGeorge Watson And Mason s Article Power Of The First Hour And Risworth, Et Al889 Words   |  4 Pageschose not to breastfeed their children and invisibilizes women. This campaign assumes that women, especially in developed countries, who bottle feed their child are â€Å"uneducated on infant health, childcare and child rearing and as lacking agency and empowerment.† (573) However, in most cases women have very valid reasons for not breastfeeding their child that has nothing to do with their â€Å"lack† of education but numerous interrelated factors that cold make it impossible to breastfeed their child, leavingRead MoreIs Breast The Best When You Know About Breast?1672 Words   |  7 Pagesis more inclined as a child to eat vegetables, as well as a variety of other foods; cow s milk was made to grow baby cows and human milk is designed exactly to grow baby humans; breastfed infants are more in control of how much they eat than are bottle fed infants and are less likely to be overfed and are therefore more likely to develop healthy eating habits when older; breastmilk is always ready, warm, available, and sanitary; breastfeeding helps guard babies against some childhood cancers likeRead MoreThe Benefits Of Breastfeeding For Mothers875 Words   |  4 Pagesfeeding methods depending on the situation. For some mothers breastfeeding is not a viable option for reasons such as lactation issues, busy schedules, and secondary caregivers (Health Psychology). For those mothers whom are able a nd willing to breastfeed their infants there is a definite benefit. Breastfeeding is shown to benefit the mother and child through its natural ability to aide in the mother’s inner peace, its health giving properties, its superior nutrient content compared to formula, andRead MoreThe Benefits of Breasfeeding Newborn Babies Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesI found many advantages to it. The longer a mother breastfeeds her baby, there is a higher chance that her baby will get the healthy benefits of breastfeeding. There are many benefits to breastfeeding for the mother, child, and society. The benefits for a breastfeeding baby are: early breast milk is called liquid gold, it is easier to digest, it fights diseases, and it changes as your baby grows. Doctors tell breastfeeding mothers to breast feed their baby until it is up to 2 years of age. The benefitsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of Midwives of Women Who Choose to Bottle Feed1013 Words   |  5 Pagesto bottle fed becomes a ethical dilemma for midwives In this essay, we will be discuss the ethical dilemma, which midwives have to deal with, when a woman choose to bottle-feed their babies, who do not have any medical requirement not to breastfeed. In addition, why bottle-feeding their babies is the women choice. Why breast-feeding is, better for mother and baby than bottle-feeding. Women who choose to bottle-feed. Woman who choose to bottle-feed their babies, can decide why they bottle-feedRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Breast Feeding vs Bottle Feeding964 Words   |  4 Pagespregnancy; however, the decision on whether to breastfeed or formula feed an infant seems to be one of the more crucial decisions. Moms new to nursing a baby need all the information that they can get in order to help choose which method of feeding is more suitable, because every mother wants what is best for their child. Unlike formula feeding, the benefits of breastfeeding are substantial for both mother and baby. Moreover, choosing to breastfeed will lead to brighter, happier, and healthier lives

Essay on Organ Trafficking Issue - 1101 Words

The buyer needs an organ. The seller needs cash. Two sides of the same coin, both parties are fueled by desperation to survive. With only one country in some way regulating its organ market economy (Iran), all other sales occur in the ever-expanding illegal trafficking network on a global scale. The World Health Organization defines organ trafficking as: The recruitment, transport, transfer, harboring, or receipt of living or deceased persons or their cells, tissues, or organs, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of the giving to, or the receiving by, a third party of payments or benefits to achieve the transfer†¦show more content†¦Between 1990 and 2006, the waiting list for organs in the U.S. tripled in length. Over 113,000 Americans need organs today, and roughly 4,500 patients are added to this list each month (Nasir et al. 2013, The Economist 2008). Upwards of 7,000 Americans died in 2007 alone awaiting an organ for transplant—for comparison, that equates to about double the number of Americans killed in Iraq during the war between the four years prior (The Economist 2008). In line with the rest of this data, the number of patients with end-stage kidney failure, a condition requiring ei ther maintenance dialysis therapy or a kidney replacement, quadrupled in the U.S. in the past twenty years (Jafar 2009). Demand is certainly climbing, but why? To start, the rapid advancement of medical technology has made transplantation less of a miracle and more of a commonplace procedure. More effective immunosuppressant drugs have lowered the risk of organ rejection, leading to higher survival rates for recipient patients. Even more astounding is that much of this advancement has occurred within the past half century, giving rise to the rapid increase in activity in the organ market economy. In 1954, just 60 years ago at Massachusetts General Hospital, the first successful kidney transplant was performed—a donation from one identical twin to the other. The following decadeShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1498 Words   |  6 Pageswhen people think about global issues, some of the first things to come to mind are immigration, poverty, and hunger. However, there are much larger issues that can lead to these kinds of circumstances, or even be seen as a function of these problems. Taking a closer look at an ongoing issue highly prevalent in our world today, it is easy to see that other issues feed off it, and can contribute to the issue at hand. The issue I want to focus on is human trafficking. This type of criminalization isRead MoreOrgan Trafficking1465 Words   |  6 PagesGAC015 Assessment Event 4: Academic Research Essay Organ Trafficking Students Name: Mary Jin Student ID #: JPCH21571 Teacher: John Due Date: 2013.2.25 Word Count: 1164 Question: In many countries organ trafficking is illegal, yet the incidence is on the increasing. Examine the legal, ethical and sociological issues involved in procuring human organs for transplant operations, comparing two countries with very different approaches. Read MoreOrgan Trafficking : A Vital Part Of Our Survival Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesCarly St. Myers Assistant Professor, E. Scott Denison Design 2110 12 October 2016 Organ Trafficking Throughout much of human history, trade has been a vital part of our survival. Trades take place continuously today; whether they’re in-person with a friend, or across the ocean with a complete stranger. There are many forms of trade, most including the buying and selling of goods and services to benefit us in some way. When we think about trade, body parts aren’t typically the first thing to popRead MoreCreating Stricter Policies That Charge The State For Hosting These Procedures Essay1405 Words   |  6 PagesCreate stricter policies that charge the state for hosting these procedures †¢ Generate fines to help fund revenue for the States and the issue †¢ Establish a committee dedicated to educate, enforce and provide outreach programs for the affected with the use of IDEO’s creativity process. In the beginning of my paper I observed the issues with the organ trafficking crisis and decided to brainstorm some aspect of the CPS process I came up with two alternatives. One is to establish a committee dedicatedRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Is The Illegal Trade Of Human Organs For Transplantation1198 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking, also known as transplant tourism is the illegal trade of human organs for transplantation. (UNOFC,2016). On the other hand, organ donation is the act of transplanting healthy organs and tissues from one person to another (Medline Plus,2015). It is no secret that organ supply cannot meet the rising demand, and because of that a global organ transplant black market has grown and flourished(Glaser,2005). Although there has been some effort to establish a global organ transplant resolutionRead MoreChinese People And Government Participates In Organ Trafficking.1150 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment participates in organ trafficking. The people cannot admit to doing such a thing as it violates the Temporary Rules Concern in the Utilization of Corpses or Organs from the Corpses of Executed Prisoners Act, which was enacted in 1984. The act states that â€Å"the use of organs of executed criminals must be kept strictly secret, and attention must be paid to avoid negative repercussions.† (Glaser 20) The fight against The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism cameRead MoreOrgan Trafficking1137 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking Organ trafficking is one of the great issues that is faced by the society today. It is a practice of stealing people’s organ through surgery under the influence of drugs or from a dead person, and the organs are normally sold in black market such as China. South Africa, and Russia. WHO has estimated that one-fifth of the 70,000 kidneys that are transplanted every year come from the black market through a widespread organ-trafficking networks. In my opinion, organ trafficking hasRead MoreThe Organ Trafficking Epidemic Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals partake in organ trafficking which shows that organ trafficking is a valid issue that must be handled. As of now, U.S. citizens are not prohibited to buy organs outside of the United States by NOTA (National Organ Transplant Act of 1984). In â€Å"Can The Government Ban Organ Sale? Recent Court Challenges And The Future Of US Law On Selling Human Organs And Other Tissue†, Glenn I. Cohen states that â€Å". . . i f a US citizen travels abroad to buy a kidney or other organ his act is not prohibitedRead MoreBeing A Victim Of Sex Trafficking Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing a victim of sex trafficking in America. I will get more into that later as you are probably wondering what any of this has to do with you. Here in America, sex trafficking is a growing industry with 17,500 people each year being trafficked. C. Credibility Statement: Now I have never been to another country but I do hope to do so one day. Before ever actually traveling to a foreign country I decided to do some research and I continuously saw human trafficking is a HUGE issue in other countriesRead MoreTrade Of Human Organs : Is It Ethical?1107 Words   |  5 PagesTrade of Human Organs - Is it Ethical? Over the last few decades, the number of patients on organ waiting lists in the US has continued to soar way above the number of organ donor. In some cases, patients have died waiting for organs from donors. According to available statistics, more than 100,000 patients are in the US transplant list waiting for organ donors. On the other hand, only 20% of these patients are likely to receive a legitimate organ donor and the fate of the other 80% lies in the balance

Usa Today General Environmental Analysis free essay sample

General Environmental Analysis Macroenvironmental Factors The macroenvironmental factors that will affect USA Today are namely economic, social, political and technological. 1. Economic The economic environment for USA Today were relatively unstable due to the rising costs of newsprints in the mid 2000s. As printing cost is one of the major cost of newspaper, the rising cost in printing have definitely affect USA Today and its survival. This means that USA Today have to find solutions to solve the rising cost problem and its has taken several measures. It raised its single-copy price from 65 cents to 75 cents which results in a significant increase in revenue without any effect on its overall paid circulation. this shows that readers of USA Today have a high purchasing power and the demand for newspaper is inelastic, that is regardless of the economic performance, people will still read newspaper and there is very little impact on the newspaper industry on political policies. Another economic factor that will affect USA Today is the high level of competition. This is because there are a substantial number of big firms competing with USA Today. These big firms have resources and some are popular among USA Todays target market, therefore, it may force USA Today to be more aggressive in 2. Social Environmental issue 3. Political In the 1990s, the airline deregulation had led to a large decline for air tickets, inducing a swell of business travel. This benefited USA Today who had already unearthed the business travellers that others had stumbled upon. However, there is also negative impacts on USA Today. First, it had go into direct competition with the Wall Street Journal. Moreover, with number of business travellers increasing, the business travellers market may become more attractive resulting more firms which are previously not targeting on business travellers to come into the competition. 4. Technological Due to technology advancement in the 1990s, USA Today has implemented the necessary technology to allow advertisers to transmit copy electronically 24 hours per day as well as making production totally digital. This have aid USA Today to deliver more up to date news than its competitors making it more competitive. Today, due to the technology advancement of Internet and other means of media that provide information such as smart phones, newspaper circulations have been declining. Although USA Today have begin to partner with companies on the leading edge of wireless technology and made use of information-distribution technologies such as electronic paper (e-paper), it is not enough. This is because, other direct competitors like the Wall Street Journal and indirect competitors like smart phones are already doing it or it is easy to imitate. If there is no further technology advancement in newspaper, it may mark the end of the newspaper business. Technology is one of the most crucial factor for the survival of USA Today as people today can obtain information from various media. And with the changing demographic of new generation being more tech-savvy, it is inevitable that the traditional newspaper has become less appealing. The U. S. newspaper industry had not been growing. Industry faces a number of issues such as down soaring newsprint prices and declining advertising dollars, decline in number of printed news readers. Based on statistical records, there is an increase in growth of news consumers who source for news in other areas of distribution such as Television, Radio and Internet. These issues lead to closure of newspaper organizations, bankruptcy or cutbacks. USA Today introduces both the print version and online version of USA Today. USA Today’s has two direct competitors, namely New York Times and Wall street Journal. Competition is increasing as these direct competitors provide similar product and services to the similar range of audiences. Each organization provides timely and relevant newsprint and online news coverage and has been finding ways to differentiate its printouts and services in hope to capture more readerships. Aside from the competition of newsprint, competition also surfaces from USA Today’s indirect competitors. These competitors come from companies outside the industry. For instance, NBC news, ABC, CBS and also satellite radio providers such as XM and Sirius. Changes in macroenvironment affect the industry heavily. Economic issues Newsprint costs are getting higher. This causes the industry to fall into cost cutting situation or under heavy debts. Cost cutting may be in terms of human or material resource which may lead to unemployment and recession. Technology Advancements As technology advances, it offers more options for consumers to access news and new coverage. More and more readers switch from reading newspaper to reading news online therefore marked a decline in newspaper circulation as people uses internet to get timely news and information. Although this is a threat to newsprint, it has however brought in new opportunities for organizations in industry to maintain and increase amount of readership. It is an alternative source of communication channel and transaction. Development of new technology allows customization based on customer’s needs. Distributing of news via wired and wireless devices helps the newspapers to deliver news in a cost-efficient, customizable and useful ways. Socialcultural Trends Studies have shown that overall newspaper readership is declining. One major reason comes from the changing demographics of the readers. As supported by the Newspaper Association of America, newspaper readership is strongest among aged 65 and older, about 70 percent of the people in this age group read newspaper. However, only 50 to 60 percent of the baby boomers, aged 40 to 59 years old, read newspapers. Eventually in the oncoming 10 to 30 years, newspaper will lose readers. Hence newspaper producers have to target into new segments and make changes or addition to newspaper content to suit the interest of the new segments. Different segment of market have different demographic and lifestyle. For instance young consumers, young people spend less time with the newspaper, more tech savvy and spend more time using the computer. Young people are also more interested in sports, comics and entertainment news. Thus Industry players have to do a market research in order to ensure news content fits he interest of the targeted segment in order to attract them to reading newspaper. The governmental policy and copyright law could aid the insutry. For instance, block aggregators from posting links to their copy, and can require readers to register or subscribe to access their websites. Possible governentment policy include relaxing antitrust policy, tightening copyright law, providing general supp ort for the practice of journalism by increasing funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) or similar public programs or helping newspapers reorganize as nonprofit organizations. ttp://www. readership. org/consumers/data/consumersmedianewspapers. pdf http://www. fas. org/sgp/crs/misc/R40700. pdf Market Analysis The Market In the early 1980s, the typical reader turned out to be a professional, about 40 years old, well educated with an income of about $60,000 a year. They are also a news or sport junkie. With this, it show that the readers are the baby boomer with relatively high income, therefore, price of newspaper may not be a major determinants to them at that time. The market today has an average age of 46 years old with an average income of $91,210. Most of them work in middle to upper management positions and are often purchasing decision makers for their offices and households, technological junkies, and sports fans. From the 1980s to today, the readers of USA Today have remain as a sports junkie, therefore, it shows that sports news section is important. By comparing the characteristic of reader in the 1980s and today suggest that the target market of USA Today has not change much but it is uncertain if the characteristic will remain similar in the near future. Increase in price of USA Today, sale did not drop - reader is loyal, price is not a major determinant. If USA Today have changed its publication to online, most of the of the readers will not be affected since most of them are technological junkies. It will also not cause any inconvenience for most of them as eighty-six percent of print and online readers combined own a computer, and most of those have Internet access. Is the market geographically concentrated- no, because got distribute regionally. The market segment can be easily identified, however the strategies that USA Today had used to increase its popularity among the younger generation is not good enough as it is easy for competitors to imitate.

World Health Organisation and Globalisation

Introduction The world has turned into a global village that is characterised by the evident globalisation of aspects of daily living such as trade, disease, communication, transport, and travel. Global health has also matured, with health being a key factor in the globalisation arena. The health sector has also become pleural, with many sectors and individuals being involved directly and indirectly in the same.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World Health Organisation and Globalisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the organisations that play a major role in the development of global health policies and their implementation is the World Health Organisation. The organisation has an extensive role in the monitoring of health and diseases together with their governance. It also enacts norms in the health sector internationally besides acting as a coordinator for the various local and international actors to uphold the expected norms. The World Health Organisation therefore has a special role in globalisation by ensuring worldwide harmonisation of health services and standards. It remains the single largest health body in the world with branches in almost all the world nations and operations on various health fields. It also works in consent with other global bodies such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation and other UN bodies to facilitate health delivery. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the role of the World Health Organisation in globalisation. Does the organisation have a role in the facilitation of globalisation? If so, what role does it have? The question is one of the issues that the essay will target to investigate. The WHO has been in existence for decades now. The essay will also evaluate the major developments in the health sector in relation to globalisation since the inception of the WHO. The essay is divided into four main sections. An evalua tion of globalisation and health will be presented in the first section. The second section will address the historical aspects of the WHO. The third section will then follow with an evaluation of the roles of the WHO. The fourth section will address the challenges that the organisation faces together with the global aspect of the WHO. Globalisation and Health Health is no longer a confine for a single organisation or nation, but rather a global responsibility. Globalisation has changed the way people view and manage heath issues. It has offered new challenges and opportunities for health (Alemanno 2011). Various aspects of globalisation such as improved transport and communication have led to the rapid spread of diseases and conditions that would traditionally be restricted to certain areas. The same aspects have facilitated the improvement of health, with the transfer of personnel and medical supplies being easier and faster. It emerges that globalisation has affected health and i ts provision both positively and negatively (Brassett et al. 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the other ways in which globalisation has affected health include the sharing of the best practices across the globe, the provision of a specialised medical treatment that is widely accessible to most of the patients, and the sharing of scientific knowledge. Several bodies have dominated the health sector in the provision of services, with the universal bodies setting the pace for the many organisations. The existence of global bodies such as the WHO has also been significant in the standardisation of medical therapies, with the same bodies stating the global norms in the industry. Some of the infections that have been able to spread rapidly as an attribute of globalisation include the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). This infection was able to spread within d ays to a number of countries and cause deaths. The advent of globalisation has created inequalities. It has also exposed the existing ones, which social, financial, and economic aspects (Bailey et al., 2008). With the outbreak of SARS, for example, well-equipped countries were able to adequately screen and identify the possible areas for prevention of morbidity. The poor countries were not adequately prepared. They only benefited from the global effort to fight the disease. The delivery of healthcare for all humanity requires international collaboration. Globalisation of health services is one ways to ensure that this collaboration happens. Some of the challenges in the health sector are too grave and big to be handled by individual nations. The required resources may not be locally available. The bridging of the services requires the existence of an international body, which is exemplified by the WHO. The World Health Organisation has created several norms in the health sector. Var ious members have adopted them. Examples of the components of global health that are linked to globalisation include disease surveillance, global disease advocacy, and human rights information transfer (Thompson 2008). Several international bodies have been linked with healthcare, either directly or indirectly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World Health Organisation and Globalisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These were mainly active before the creation of the WHO, with others working in concert with the organisation (Beck, 1999; Beck, 2000). Some of the organisations mentioned to have a special role in the global health include the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the Rockefeller Foundation (Scholte 1997).The other institutions that are important to both globalisation and health include the World Bank (Scholte 1997). Brief Historical Aspect One of the major breakthroughs in globalisat ion was the creation of the United Nations (UN), with the body coming into existence in 1945 (Hay 2000). One of the subsidiaries that were suggested during the meeting to form this international body is the World Health Organisation. The development led to the establishment of WHO in1948, with the exact date of inception being the seventh of April of 1948 (Scholte 1997). This day has been celebrated over time as the World Health Day that marks the establishment of the WHO and plotting the future of health. In June of the year that the health body was established, delegates had an assembly that prioritised the health problems that existed at the time (Scholte 1997). These were mainly nutritional health concerns and the environmental sanitation and child health. The organisation has since grown from the original 55-member countries to constitute almost all nations in the world. The priorities have also been more global, with a focus on the global pandemics in health (Scholte 1997). Th e globalisation of disease required the classification of the major causes of death and morbidity. There had been a list since mid-19th century with these diseases. With the inception of the WHO, the mandate of classifying diseases was left to it, with this measure being effectively referred to as the International Classification of Disease (ICD). This strategy is among the first measure of globalisation that the UN body undertook, with the nations being required to standardise their disease classification. Globalisation is a means of achieving universal standards, and requires global participation (Giddens 1999). In 1952, the WHO was able to develop one of the vaccines that are regarded as a major success: the polio vaccine. This vaccine is currently in use in many countries around the world. It acts as a measure of health globalisation (Taylor 2000).The developer, Dr Jonas Salk, developed the vaccine amidst a global health crisis that was precipitated by the polio virus.Advertisin g Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The virus was a significant cause of morbidity, with millions of children being handicapped after the infection. With the development of the vaccine, the number of children with the same ailment has significantly reduced, with most countries clearing the infection (Taylor 2000). Some of the other developments in the history of the organisation that have contributed to globalisation include the eradication of yaws (Scheytt et al. 1998, p. 1333). The current heart transplant programme that goes on in many countries around the world was a result of globalisation efforts of the WHO, with the first heart transplant being carried out in 1967 by a surgeon in South Africa (Goldblatt 2010). The other successful globalisation of health services that the World Health Organisation has embarked on and managed successfully is the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (Goldblatt 2010). In 1974, the WHO established the programme that has provided vaccines against some of the global health programs to children. In many countries around the world, the expanded programme on Immunisation has set up bases to provide free and cheap vaccines. The WHO coordinates them, with the main suppliers being the companies contracted by the organisation. The vaccination of children has led to the eradication of the common diseases that afflicted children before the creation of the WHO, with these being eradicated altogether. Effects of WHO on Globalisation The World health organisation has had significant effects on globalisation. As indicated above, the global nature of disease proved to be a bother to the international community, especially with the advent of global trade and travel. Diseases could be transmitted easily from one place to the other at different parts of the world, and populations could be wiped in a matter of days. With the entry of WHO, there was the development of policies to guard against the spread of these diseases (Mythen 2008). The standardisation of medical practices, tra ining, and disease control made possible internationally through the WHO means people can no longer worry about diseases or healthcare in general in the different parts of the world. As a result, one could conclude that the establishment of WHO has contributed positively towards globalisation. Health has also been regarded as one of the major contributors of globalisation. Through the WHO, the globalisation has easily been realised. Health professionals are able to work in different parts of the word, with labour in the health sector being universally distributed and sought (Giddens 1990). Effects of globalisation on WHO Globalisation has long been recognised as a major factor influencing the distribution and provision of medical services. As a major player in global health, WHO has experienced the effects of the globalisation in total. These have been both beneficial and adverse to the operation of the international institution as stated above. Among the major influence that global isation has had on the WHO include the easy distribution of labour globally, allowing it to attain the much needed health services (Scott 2000; Butler 2008). Globalisation has also meant that WHO formulates global policies with consideration of all the health players in the world (Brown Harman 2011; Milward Provan, 2000). Evaluation of the WHO Roles Many researchers have analysed the performance of the WHO and evaluated its achievement of the set goals and objectives. Some of researchers have criticised the performance of the organisation, with others crediting it with good performance. Some of the people who have been strong critiques of the organisation include Fiona Godlee who critically evaluated â€Å"the effectiveness of the organisation and its policies, the administration, regional negotiations, and many other aspects of WHO† (1994a; 1994b; 1995, p. 111). In their research, Dean Jamison, Julio Frenk, and Felicia Knaul concluded that the WHO had core and supplementar y functions, which are demanded by the global heath actors (1998, p. 516). The carrying out of the major functions of the World Health Organisation is through the subsidiary bodies in the various countries and regions. The debate is whether they are effective in the management of the global aspects of health. The functions of the WHO have constantly been revised. According to Ruger and Derek Yach, â€Å"in 1996-1997, the WHO Executive Board held 6 special meetings to review the Constitution, recommending rewriting WHO’s core functions to emphasise coordination, health policy development, norms and standards, advocating health for all, and advice and technical cooperation† (2009, p. 3) Challenges The World Health Organisation has a number of challenges facing it in its quest for global health like any other global organisation in the world seeking globalisation (Adam, 2000). One of the major problems that face the organisation is the inequality that is occasioned by the different economic status of her member states. The WHO relies on the provision of funding from its major members as well as from the United Nations. This funding is not sufficient to meet the budget for the programmes that it carries out. This insufficiency is one of the largest inhibitors to the provision of free medical care for some of the chronic conditions such as the AIDS pandemic (Clark, 1997; Thompson 2008). Over the last few decades, the organisation has witnessed the development of major health concerns, with these affecting the provision of health services. These have been propagated by globalisation (Goldblatt2010; Taylor 2000; Scholte 1997). The outbreak of diseases in one part of the world easily spreads to the other. The global transport network that allows the transit of goods and services at a fast speed (Goldblatt 2010; Sassen 1998) is responsible for this case. The advent of globalisation also means that patients are able to take diseases from one area to the ot her, with this making it hard for the WHO to institute measures aimed at controlling its spread. The WHO has also run into difficulties in the eradication of some of the universal pandemics due to the complicated nature of the management. The major countries that fund the organisation have control over the organisation’s spending. This situation has affected the financial outlook of the organisation. Some competitive organisations such as the Centre for Disease Control have taken up some of the roles of the WHO in disease surveillance. Most of the funding has been diverted to these organisations. Other challenges that the organisation faces include the poor research and technical capacity that exist in some of the member states compared to others. This situation creates competitive advantage in some nations and dependence in others. This means that the organisation’s funds are used more in some nations compared to others. The WHO is an international organisation that d eals with the health of all the earth’s population. Some problems have traditionally been restricted in certain areas. The best example is the nutritional factors such as obesity. In the current global village, these conditions have become universal with the onset of obesity in children who were traditionally not prone to it. The organisation also faces administration issues and the shifting of focus from the global health concerns. Ruger and Derek Yach reveal, â€Å"Trends at WHO in the last several years however suggest a shift in priorities, evidenced also by the emergence of other entities in academia† (2009, p. 6).The above challenges are attributable to globalisation and can be easily resolved. Conclusion In conclusion, the current age is the age of globalisation. Many international institutions are at the forefront of facilitating globalisation. Trade, politics, and health are some of the sectors that have significantly been affected by globalisation. Communicat ion and trade top the list. The advent of globalisation has however created some challenges and opportunities for the health sector. One of the most important bodies in the globalisation of health services is the World Health Organisation. The world Health Organisation, as discussed, has its roots in the formation of the United Nations. The major mandate is the formation of international standards in health. According to the literature and information on the organisation, globalisation continues to challenge its existence. One of the points that come out is that health is currently beyond individual countries or individuals, and thus the need for an international body. The standardisation of health services in the world is at an advanced stage under the WHO. However, several challenges are evident in the effort to achieve these standards. In the essay, it is established that the WHO has core functions and subsidiary roles. The provision of standardised medical services universally i s a core function of the WHO and a facilitation of globalisation. The various achievements that the WHO has had in the context of globalisation have also been highlighted. These include the eradication of some of the major illnesses that caused the death of millions of the world’s population. The organisation has also been able to set up an international standards list, with all the member countries using this to classify the medical conditions and diseases. Another achievement is the control of major pandemics such as the HIV/AIDS that is currently ongoing. The main challenges evaluated and assessed to have a major impact on the functioning of the organisation include financial shortage and management issues, as well as globalisation itself. In globalisation, the easy spread of diseases from one area to another and copying of practices from one area to another means that the organisation has a lot to do to curb the spread. 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